The Ghost of Cassiopeia: Wide-field view

Ground-based view of the sky around IC 63
This image shows the sky around the nebula IC 63, nicknamed the Ghost Nebula. It was created from images forming part of the Digitized Sky Survey 2. The field of view is dominated by the bright star Gamma Cassiopeiae, which is having a profound influence on IC 63.

IC 63 is only one of several nebulous structures surrounding Gamma Cassiopeiae—all of which are affected by the radiation emitted by the blue-white subgiant star.

Credit: ESA/Hubble, NASA, Digitized Sky Survey 2
Acknowledgement: Davide de Martin
Release Date: October 25, 2018

#NASA #Hubble #Astronomy #Space #Science #Nebula #IC63 #Star #GammaCassiopeiae #Cassiopeia #Cosmos #Universe #Halloween #Telescope #ESA #GSFC #Goddard #STScI #STEM #Education

The Ghost of Cassiopeia | Hubble

About 550 light-years away in the constellation of Cassiopeia lies IC 63, a stunning and slightly eerie nebula. Also known as the ghost of Cassiopeia, IC 63 is being shaped by radiation from a nearby unpredictably variable star, Gamma Cassiopeiae, which is slowly eroding away the ghostly cloud of dust and gas. This celestial ghost makes the perfect backdrop for the upcoming feast of All Hallow's Eve—better known as Halloween.

The constellation of Cassiopeia, named after a vain queen in Greek mythology, forms the easily recognizable “W” shape in the night sky. The central point of the W is marked by a dramatic star named Gamma Cassiopeiae.

The remarkable Gamma Cassiopeiae is a blue-white subgiant variable star that is surrounded by a gaseous disc. This star is 19 times more massive and 65,000 times brighter than our Sun. It also rotates at the incredible speed of 1.6 million kilometers per hour—more than 200 times faster than our parent star. This frenzied rotation gives it a squashed appearance. The fast rotation causes eruptions of mass from the star into a surrounding disk. This mass loss is related to the observed brightness variations.

The radiation of Gamma Cassiopeiae is so powerful that it even affects IC 63, sometimes nicknamed the Ghost Nebula, that lies several light years away from the star. IC 63 is visible in this image taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.

The colors in the eerie nebula showcase how the nebula is affected by the powerful radiation from the distant star. The hydrogen within IC 63 is being bombarded with ultraviolet radiation from Gamma Cassiopeiae, causing its electrons to gain energy which they later release as hydrogen-alpha radiation—visible in red in this image.

This hydrogen-alpha radiation makes IC 63 an emission nebula, but we also see blue light in this image. This is light from Gamma Cassiopeiae that has been reflected by dust particles in the nebula, meaning that IC 63 is also a reflection nebula.

This colorful and ghostly nebula is slowly dissipating under the influence of ultraviolet radiation from Gamma Cassiopeiae. However, IC 63 is not the only object under the influence of the mighty star. It is part of a much larger nebulous region surrounding Gamma Cassiopeiae that measures approximately two degrees on the sky—roughly four times as wide as the full Moon.

This region is best seen from the Northern Hemisphere during autumn and winter. Though it is high in the sky and visible all year round from Europe, it is very dim, so observing it requires a fairly large telescope and dark skies.

From above Earth’s atmosphere, Hubble gives us a view that we cannot hope to see with our eyes. This photo is possibly the most detailed image that has ever been taken of IC 63, and it beautifully showcases Hubble’s capabilities.

More information
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA.

Image Credit: NASA, ESA
Release Date: October 25, 2018

#NASA #Hubble #Astronomy #Space #Science #Nebula #IC63 #Star #GammaCassiopeiae #Cassiopeia #Cosmos #Universe #Halloween #Telescope #ESA #GSFC #Goddard #STScI #STEM #Education

Talking Moon to Mars and more on This Week @NASA

Week of Oct. 26, 2018: A week full of Moon to Mars and more, seeking ideas for future cargo deliveries to our Gateway, and an oddity of an iceberg . . . a few of the stories to tell you about—This Week at NASA!

Credit: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Duration: 3 minutes, 49 seconds
Release Date: October 26, 2018

#NASA #Space #Astronomy #Earth #Science #Mars #JourneyToMars #Moon #SLS #Orion #Spacecraft #Gateway #ISS #Astronauts #Iceberg #Antarctica #OperationIceBridge #STEM #Education #HD #Video

NASA's Space to Ground: Neutron Dance

Week of Oct. 26, 2018 | NASA's Space to Ground is your weekly update on what's happening aboard the International Space Station. 

Credit: NASA's Johnson Space Center
Duration: 2 minutes, 53 seconds
Release Date: October 26, 2018

#NASA #Space #ISS #Science #Research #Combustion #Flammability #Pulsars #Neutron #Stars #Astronauts #AlexanderGerst #SerenaAuñónChancellor #Cosmonaut #SergeyProkopyev #Russia #Россия #Expedition57 #Human #Spaceflight #Spacecraft #JSC #Houston #Texas #UnitedStates #STEM #Education #HD #Video

Pirate of the Southern Skies | ESO

The Skull and Crossbones Nebula

Distance: 4500 light years
Oct. 24, 2018: FORS2, an instrument mounted on the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope, has observed the active star-forming region NGC 2467—sometimes referred to as the Skull and Crossbones Nebula. The image was captured as part of the ESO Cosmic Gems Program, which makes use of the rare occasions when observing conditions are not suitable for gathering scientific data. Instead of sitting idle, the ESO Cosmic Gems Program allows ESO’s telescopes to be used to capture visually stunning images of the southern skies.

This vivid picture of an active star-forming region—NGC 2467, sometimes referred to as the Skull and Crossbones Nebula—is as sinister as it is beautiful. This image of dust, gas and bright young stars, gravitationally bound into the form of a grinning skull, was captured with the FORS instrument on ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT). While ESO’s telescopes are usually used for the collection of science data, they can also capture images, such as this—which are beautiful for their own sake.

It is easy to see the motivation for the nickname Skull and Crossbones. This young, bright formation distinctly resembles an ominous hollow face, of which only the gaping mouth is visible here. NGC 2467 skulks in the constellation Puppis, which translates rather unromantically as The Poop Deck.

This nebulous collection of stellar clusters is the birthplace of many stars, where an excess of hydrogen gas provided the raw material for stellar creation. It is not, in fact, a single nebula, and its constituent stellar cluster are moving at different velocities. It is only a fortuitous alignment along the line of sight from the Earth that makes the stars and gas form a humanoid face. This luminous image might not tell astronomers anything new, but it provides us all with a glimpse into the churning southern skies, bright with wonders invisible to the human eye.

Puppis is one of three nautically named constellations that sail the southern skies, and which used to make up the single, giant Argo Navis constellation, named after the ship of the mythical Jason and the Argonauts. Argo Navis has since been divided into three: Carina (the keel), Vela (the sails) and Puppis, where this nebula finds its home. While a heroic figure, Jason is most famous for his theft of the golden fleece, so NGC 2467 rests not only in the midst of a vast celestial ship, but among thieves—an appropriate abode for this piratical nebula.

This image was created as part of the ESO Cosmic Gems program, an outreach initiative to produce images of interesting, intriguing or visually attractive objects using ESO telescopes, for the purposes of education and public outreach. The program makes use of telescope time that cannot be used for science observations. All data collected may also be suitable for scientific purposes, and are made available to astronomers through ESO’s science archive.

Credit: European Southern Observatory (ESO)
Release Date: October 24, 2018

More information
ESO is the foremost intergovernmental astronomy organization in Europe and the world’s most productive ground-based astronomical observatory by far. It has 16 Member States: Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, along with the host state of Chile and with Australia as a Strategic Partner. ESO carries out an ambitious program focused on the design, construction and operation of powerful ground-based observing facilities enabling astronomers to make important scientific discoveries. ESO also plays a leading role in promoting and organizing cooperation in astronomical research. ESO operates three unique world-class observing sites in Chile: La Silla, Paranal and Chajnantor. At Paranal, ESO operates the Very Large Telescope and its world-leading Very Large Telescope Interferometer as well as two survey telescopes, VISTA working in the infrared and the visible-light VLT Survey Telescope. ESO is also a major partner in two facilities on Chajnantor, APEX and ALMA, the largest astronomical project in existence. And on Cerro Armazones, close to Paranal, ESO is building the 39-meter Extremely Large Telescope, the ELT, which will become “the world’s biggest eye on the sky”.

#ESO #Astronomy #Space #Science #Nebula #NGC2467 #Skull #Crossbones #Stars #Puppis #Cosmos #Universe #Telescope #FORS2 #VLT #Observatory #Paranal #Atacama #Desert #Chile #SouthAmerica #Europe #STEM #Education

Skull and Crossbones Nebula: Wide-field view

This vivid picture of an active star forming region—NGC 2467, otherwise known as the Skull and Crossbones nebula—is as sinister as it is beautiful. This image of dust, gas and bright young stars, gravitationally bound into the form of a grinning skull, was captured with the FORS instrument on ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT). Whilst ESO’s telescopes are usually used for the collection of science data, their immense resolving power makes them ideal for capturing images such as this—which are beautiful for their own sake.

The image is a color composite made from exposures from the Digitized Sky Survey 2 (DSS2), and shows the region surrounding NGC 2467. The field of view is approximately 2.4 x 2.0 degrees.

Credit: ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2
Acknowledgment: Davide De Martin
Release Date: October 24, 2018

#ESO #Astronomy #Space #Science #Nebula #NGC2467 #Skull #Crossbones #Stars #Puppis #Cosmos #Universe #Telescope #FORS2 #VLT #Observatory #Paranal #Atacama #Desert #Chile #SouthAmerica #Europe #STEM #Education

Hurricane Willa Battering Western Mexico | NASA-NOAA

On Oct. 22, 2018, NASA-NOAA's Suomi NPP satellite captured a visible image of Hurricane Willa when it was battering western Mexico with heavy rainfall, rough surf and strong winds. The images shows powerful thunderstorms circling a cloud-filled eye. Willa made landfall on Oct. 23rd.

Credit: NASA Worldview, Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) /NOAA
Image Date: October 22, 2018

#NASA #NOAA #Earth #Space #Satellite #Science #HurricaneWilla #Category5 #Storm #Weather #Meteorology #Mexico #Pacific #Ocean #SuomiNPP #EarthObservation #STEM #Education

Category 5 Hurricane Willa Heads Toward Mexico | NOAA

Powerful Hurricane Willa, the twenty-second named storm of the 2018 Eastern Pacific Hurricane Season, is on a collision course with Mexico's southwestern coast. This image of the storm, captured by GOES East at 10 a.m. EDT October 22, shows Willa moving northward toward Mexico shortly after sunrise local time.

Over the weekend, Willa rapidly intensified from a tropical storm to a Category 5 hurricane in just 48 hours. At 2 p.m. ET Monday (Oct. 22), the National Hurricane Center reported Willa had sustained winds of 160 mph. Willa is expected to unleash a combination of destructive waves and dangerous storm surge along the coast of southwestern Mexico by Tuesday evening, and dump up to 6 to 12 inches of rain, which will likely cause life-threatening flash flooding and landslides.

Willa is the tenth major hurricane (defined as a Category 3 storm or higher) to form in the eastern Pacific basin this year, and the third Category 5 hurricane after Hurricane Lane and Walaka.

Credit: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Release Date: October 22, 2018

#NASA #NOAA #Earth #Space #Satellite #Science #HurricaneWilla #Category5 #Storm #Weather #Meteorology #Mexico #Pacific #Ocean #CIRA #GOESEast #EarthObservation #STEM #Education

The Expedition 57 Crew | International Space Station

Crew of Expedition 57: Sergey Prokopyev, Alexander Gerst and Serena Auñón-Chancellor.

"The difference between an ordeal and an adventure is attitude."
—Bob Bitchin
Despite being temporarily understaffed, Expedition 57 is on its way. Many new experiments are rollin', from medication research to water regeneration to robotics.

"Der Unterschied zwischen einer Zumutung und einem Abenteuer ist die Einstellung." - Bob Bitchin. Trotz temporärer Minimalbelegschaft ist Expedition 57 in vollem Gange - mit zahlreichen neuen Experimenten, von Medikamentenforschung und Wasseraufbereitung bis Robotik.

Credit: NASA/JSC
Image Date: October 11, 2018

#NASA #ESA #Roscosmos #Роскосмос #Space #ISS #Science #Earth #Cosmonaut #SergeyProkopyev #Russia #Россия #Astronauts #AlexanderGerst #Germany #Deutschland #SerenaAuñónChancellor #UnitedStates #Expedition57 #Human #Spaceflight #Spacecraft #Photography #STEM #Education #OrbitalPerspective #OverviewEffect

A galaxy with a bright heart | Hubble

This unbarred spiral galaxy NGC 5033, located about 40 million light-years away in the constellation of Canes Venatici (The Hunting Dogs). The galaxy is similar in size to our own galaxy, the Milky Way, at just over 100,000 light-years across. Like in the Milky Way NGC 5033’s spiral arms are dotted with blue regions, indicating ongoing star formation. The blue patches house hot, young stars in the process of forming, while the older, cooler stars populating the galaxy’s center cause it to appear redder in color.

In contrast to the Milky Way NGC 5033 is missing a central bar. Instead it has a bright and energetic core called an active galactic nucleus, which is powered by a supermassive black hole. This active nucleus gives it the classification of a Seyfert galaxy. Due to the ongoing activity the core of NGC 5033 shines bright across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. This released energy shows that the central black hole is currently devouring stars, dust and gas getting to close to it. As this matters falls onto the supermassive black hole, it radiates in many different wavelengths.

While its relative proximity to Earth makes it an ideal target for professional astronomer to study its active nucleus in more detail, its big apparent size on the night sky and its brightness also makes it a beautiful target for amateur astronomers.

Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA
Acknowledgement: Judy Schmidt
Release Date: October 22, 2018

#NASA #Hubble #Astronomy #Space #Science #Galaxy #Spiral #Unbarred #NGC5033 #CanesVenatici #Cosmos #Universe #Telescope #ESA #Goddard #GSFC #STEM #Education

BepiColombo Mercury Mission Poster | ESA

This poster shows artist’s impression of the BepiColombo spacecraft at Mercury: European Space Agency’s Mercury Planetary Orbiter (foreground) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (background).

The ESA-built Mercury Transfer Module (MTM) will carry the orbiters to Mercury using a combination of solar electric propulsion and gravity assist flybys, with one flyby of Earth, two at Venus, and six at Mercury, before entering orbit at Mercury in late 2025.

Learn more about BepiColombo: http://bit.ly/ESAsBepiColombo

The image of Mercury was taken by NASA’s Messenger spacecraft.

Credit: ESA/NASA
Release Date: July 2017

#NASA #ESA #Space #Astronomy #Science #Planet #Mercury #BepiColombo #Spacecraft #Orbiter #MPO #MMO #MTM #Mission #Messenger #Arianespace #Europe #JAXA #Japan #日本 #SolarSystem #Exploration #Infographic #Poster #Art #STEM #Education

BepiColombo Mercury Mission Liftoff | European Space Agency

A Joint European-Japanese Mission to Explore Planet Mercury
The BepiColombo spacercraft lifted off from Europe’s Spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana, on an Ariane 5 rocket at 01:45 GMT on October 20, 2018.

BepiColombo is a joint endeavor between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). It is the first European mission to Mercury, the smallest and least explored planet in the inner Solar System, and the first to send two spacecraft to make complementary measurements of the planet and its dynamic environment at the same time.

“Launching BepiColombo is a huge milestone for ESA and JAXA, and there will be many great successes to come,” says Jan Wörner, ESA Director General.

“Beyond completing the challenging journey, this mission will return a huge bounty of science. It is thanks to the international collaboration and the decades of efforts and expertise of everyone involved in the design and building of this incredible machine, that we are now on our way to investigating planet Mercury’s mysteries.”

Learn more about Bepi Colombo: http://bit.ly/ESAsBepiColombo

ESA is Europe's gateway to space. Our mission is to shape the development of Europe's space capability and ensure that investment in space continues to deliver benefits to the citizens of Europe and the world.

Credit: European Space Agency (ESA)/Arianespace
Duration: 1 minute, 44 seconds
Release Date: October 19, 2018

#ESA #Space #Astronomy #Science #Planet #Mercury #BepiColombo #Rocket #Launch #Ariane5 #Arianespace #Kourou #Spaceport #FrenchGuiana #SouthAmerica #Europe #JAXA #Japan #日本 #STEM #Education #HD #Video

NASA's Space to Ground: "A Successful Failure"

Week of October 19, 2018: NASA's Space to Ground is your weekly update on what's happening aboard the International Space Station.

Three Expedition 57 crew members are staying busy aboard the International Space Station after the climb to orbit of two crewmates was aborted last Thursday morning, October 11. American Nick Hague and Russian Alexey Ovchinin made an emergency landing shortly after launch, but are in excellent shape. The trio in orbit is continuing science and maintenance aboard the orbital laboratory.

NASA astronaut Hague and Roscosmos cosmonaut Ovchinin are safe and returned to Moscow with mission officials after their aborted mission. The Soyuz MS-10 rocket booster experienced a failure about two minutes after launching from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Investigations into the cause of the failure are beginning, and the space station international partner agencies are evaluating what changes to the station’s operating plan will need to be adopted.

The three humans still orbiting Earth are safe with plenty of supplies and work to do on orbit.

Credit: NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC)
Duration: 2 minutes
Release Date: October 19, 2018
#NASA #Space #ISS #Science #Roscosmos #Роскосмос #Soyuz #SoyuzMS08 #Союз #Rocket #Launch #Kazakhstan #Astronaut #NickHague #Cosmonaut #AlexeyOvchinin #Russia #Россия #Astronauts #Expedition57 #Human #Spaceflight #Spacecraft #JSC #Houston #Texas #UnitedStates #STEM #Education #HD #Video

Earth's Glow and The Milky Way

Celestial view of Earth's atmospheric glow and the Milky Way
The International Space Station was orbiting about 256 miles above South Australia when a camera on board the orbital complex captured this celestial view of Earth's atmospheric glow and the Milky Way.

Credit: NASA/JSC
Image Date: October 7, 2018

#NASA #Space #ISS #Science #Earth #Planet #Atmosphere #Glow #Australia #Stars #MilkyWay #Galaxy #SolarSystem #Orbit #Astronauts #UnitedStates #Expedition57 #Human #Spaceflight #Spacecraft #Photography #STEM #Education #OrbitalPerspective #OverviewEffect

NASA's Webb Telescope to Examine Active Galaxy NGC 4151

Distance: 62 million light-years
Galaxies and their central, supermassive black holes are inextricably linked. Both grow in lockstep for reasons that are not yet understood. To gain new insights, Webb will turn its infrared gaze to the center of a nearby galaxy called NGC 4151, whose supermassive black hole is actively feeding and glowing brightly. By measuring the motions of stars clustered around the black hole and comparing them to computer models, astronomers can determine the black hole’s mass. This challenging measurement will test the capabilities of Webb’s innovative instrument called an integral field unit.

NGC 4151
At first glance, the galaxy NGC 4151 looks like an average spiral. Examine its center more closely, though, and you can spot a bright smudge that stands out from the softer glow around it. That point of light marks the location of a supermassive black hole weighing about 40 million times as much as our Sun.

Astronomers will use NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope to measure that black hole’s mass. The result might seem like a piece of trivia, but its mass determines how a black hole feeds and affects the surrounding galaxy. And since most galaxies contain a supermassive black hole, learning about this nearby galaxy will improve our understanding of many galaxies across the cosmos.

“Some central questions in astrophysics are: How does a galaxy’s central black hole grow with time; how does the galaxy itself grow with time; and how do they affect each other? This project is a step toward answering those questions,” explained Misty Bentz of Georgia State University, Atlanta, the principal investigator of the project.

Probing a galaxy’s core
There are several methods of weighing supermassive black holes. One technique relies on measuring the motions of stars in the galaxy’s core. The heavier the black hole, the faster nearby stars will move under its gravitational influence.

NGC 4151 represents a challenging target, because it contains a particularly active black hole that is feeding voraciously. As a result, the material swirling around the black hole, known as an accretion disk, shines brightly. The light from the accretion disk threatens to overwhelm the fainter light from stars in the region.

“With Webb’s beautifully shaped mirrors and sharp ‘vision,’ we should be able to probe closer to the galaxy’s center even though there’s a really bright accretion disk there,” said Bentz.

The team expects to be able to investigate the central 1,000 light-years of NGC 4151, and be able to resolve stellar motions on a scale of about 15 light-years.

A thousand spectra at once
To achieve this feat, the team will use Webb’s Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) integral field unit, or IFU. It will be the first IFU flown in space, and it has a unique capability.

Webb’s IFU takes the light from every location in an image and splits it into a rainbow spectrum. To do this it employs almost 100 mirrors, each of them precision crafted to a specific shape, all squeezed into an instrument the size of a shoebox. Those mirrors effectively slice a small square of the sky into strips, then spread the light from those strips out both spatially and in wavelength.

In this way a single image yields 1,000 spectra. Each spectrum tells astronomers not only about the elements that make up the stars and gas at that exact point of the sky, but also about their relative motions.

Despite Webb’s exquisite resolution, the team won’t be able to measure the motions of individual stars. Instead, they will get information about groups of stars very close to the center of the galaxy. They will then apply computer models to determine the gravitational field affecting the stars, which depends on the size of the black hole.

“Our computer code generates a bunch of mock stars—tens of thousands of stars, mimicking the motions of real stars in the galaxy. We put in a variety of different black holes and see what matches the observations the best,” said Monica Valluri of the University of Michigan, a co-investigator on the project.

The result of this technique will be compared with a second one that focuses on the gas at the galaxy’s center, rather than the stars.

“We should get the same answer, no matter what technique we use, if we’re looking at the same black hole,” said Bentz. “NGC 4151 is one of the best targets for making that comparison.”

These observations will be taken as part of the Director’s Discretionary-Early Release Science program. The DD-ERS program provides time to selected projects enabling the astronomical community to quickly learn how best to use Webb’s capabilities, while also yielding robust science.

The James Webb Space Telescope will be the world's premier space science observatory. Webb will solve mysteries of our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probe the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international project led by NASA with its partners, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).

Learn more: www.jwst.nasa.gov

Credit: NASA/ESA
Release Date: October 17, 2018

#NASA #Astronomy #Space #Galaxy #NGC4151 #Spiral #BlackHole #Hubble #JamesWebb #JWST #Telescope #Spacecraft #Cosmos #Universe #Observatory #GSFC #ESA #CSA #Technology #Engineering #International #STEM #Education

New Simulation Creates "Pulsar in a Box" | NASA Goddard

Scientists studying what amounts to a computer-simulated "pulsar in a box" are gaining a more detailed understanding of the complex, high-energy environment around spinning neutron stars, also called pulsars. The model traces the paths of charged particles in magnetic and electric fields near the neutron star, revealing behaviors that may help explain how pulsars emit gamma-ray and radio pulses with ultraprecise timing.

A pulsar is the crushed core of a massive star that exploded as a supernova. The core is so compressed that more mass than the Sun's squeezes into a ball no wider than Manhattan Island in New York City. This process also revvs up its rotation and strengthens its magnetic and electric fields.

Various physical processes ensure that most of the particles around a pulsar are either electrons or their antimatter counterparts, positrons. To trace the behavior and energies of these particles, the researchers used a comparatively new type of pulsar model called a "particle in cell" (PIC) simulation.

The PIC technique lets scientists explore the pulsar from first principles, starting with a spinning, magnetized neutron star. The computer code injects electrons and positrons at the pulsar's surface and tracks how they interact with the electric and magnetic fields. It's computationally intensive because the particle motions affect the fields and the fields affect the particles, and everything is moving near the speed of light.

The simulation shows that most of the electrons tend to race outward from the magnetic poles. Some medium-energy electrons scatter wildly, even heading back to the pulsar.

The positrons, on the other hand, mostly flow out at lower latitudes, forming a relatively thin structure called the current sheet. In fact, the highest-energy positrons here—less than 0.1 percent of the total—are capable of producing gamma rays similar to those detected by NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, which has discovered 216 gamma-ray pulsars.

The simulation ran on the Discover supercomputer at NASA's Center for Climate Simulation at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and the Pleiades supercomputer at NASA's Ames Research Center in Silicon Valley, California. The model actually tracks "macroparticles," each of which represents many trillions of electrons or positrons.

Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
Music: "Reaching for the Horizon" and "Leaving Earth" from Killer Tracks
Duration: 2 minutes, 53 seconds
Release Date: October 10, 2018

#NASA #Astronomy #Space #Science #Stars #Pulsars #Neutron #Astrophysics #Physics #Cosmos #Universe #Model #Simulation #PIC #Computer #Supercomputer #Pleiades #Goddard #GSFC #Greenbelt #Maryland #Ames #MountainView #California #UnitedStates #STEM #Education #HD #Video